Neuroimmunomodulation of vagus nerve stimulation and the therapeutic implications

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a technology that provides electrical to the cervical vagus and can be applied in treatment of wide variety neuropsychiatric systemic diseases. VNS exerts its effect by stimulating vagal afferent efferent fibers, which project upward brainstem nuclei relayed circuits downward internal organs influence autonomic, neuroendocrine, neuroimmunology systems. The neuroimmunomodulation mediated through cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates immune cells decreases pro-inflammatory cytokines. Traditional non-invasive have Food Drug Administration (FDA)-approved indications for patients with drug-refractory epilepsy, treatment-refractory major depressive disorders, headaches. number clinical trials translational studies explore therapeutic potentials mechanisms increasing. In this review, we first introduced anatomical physiological bases immunomodulating functions VNS. We covered investigated implications spectrum brain disorders diseases context neuroimmunomodulation.